Guarantee Agreement

Guarantee Agreement | Lawyer in Izmir

Guarantee agreement numbered 6098 Turkish Code of Obligationsmuzun 581. maddesinde düzenlenmiştir. İlgili hüküm ‘Kefalet sözleşmesi, kefilin alacaklıya karşı borçlunun borcunu ifa etmemesinin sonuçlarından kişisel olarak sorumlu olmayı üstlendiği sözleşmedir.’ şeklindedir. Buradan hareketle kefil, bir  borcun alacaklısına karşı, borçlunun borcunu ifa etmesinden şahsen sorumlu olarak alacaklının boşa çıkan ifa menfaatine ilişkin beklentisini parasal olarak karşılamayı taahhüt eder. Asıl borçlu ne olursa olsun kefalet sözleşmesinin tarafını oluşturmaz, kefalet sözleşmesinin tarafları kefil ve asıl borç ilişkisindeki alacaklıdır.

Validity Conditions of the Guarantee Agreement:

1. Ordinary Written Form Requirement
2. Duration and amount of bail
3. If the person acting as guarantor is married, it can be summarized as requiring the spouse's consent.

A simple written form is required for guarantee agreements. Guarantee agreements that are not in writing are invalid. Furthermore, as a condition of validity, the maximum amount for which the guarantor will be liable and the date of the guarantee must be written in handwriting, as stipulated in Article 583 of the Turkish Code of Obligations No. 6098. According to this provision, an additional condition has been added for joint and several guarantees. Accordingly, if the guarantor is a joint and several guarantor, it is mandatory for them to state in their own handwriting in the guarantee agreement that they will assume the obligation in this capacity or with an expression to that effect. This matter is regulated in Article 583 of the Turkish Code of Obligations.

İlgili madde:  ‘Kefalet sözleşmesi yazılı şekilde yapılmadıkça ve kefilin sorumlu olacağı azami miktar ile kefalet tarihi belirtilmedikçe geçerli olmaz. Kefilin sorumlu olduğu azami miktarı, kefalet tarihi ve müteselsil kefil olması durumunda bu sıfatla veya bu anlama gelen herhangi bir ifadeyle yükümlülük altına girdiğini kefalet sözleşmesinde kendi el yazısıyla belirtmesi şarttır. Müteselsil kefil olma iradesi kefilin el yazısıyla ortaya koyulmalıdır. Şu halde böyle bir iradenin varlığını kefalet belgesinin dışında kalan ve kefalet belgesinde bir dayanağı bulunmayan olgulara dayanarak ispatlamak mümkün değildir.’ şeklindedir.

As can be understood from the text of the article, for joint and several liability to be applicable, the guarantor must undertake the obligation as a joint and several guarantor or with any expression that implies this meaning.

Son şart ise TBK 584. madde dzüenlemesidir. İlgili maddeye göre : ”Eşlerden biri mahkemece verilmiş bir ayrılık kararı olmadıkça veya yasal olarak ayrı yaşama hakkı doğmadıkça, ancak diğerinin yazılı rızasıyla kefil olabilir; bu rızanın sözleşmenin kurulmasından önce ya da en geç kurulması anında verilmiş olması şarttır.

Spousal consent is not required for subsequent amendments to a guarantee agreement that do not result in an increase in the amount for which the guarantor is liable, the conversion of a simple guarantee into a joint and several guarantee, or a significant reduction in the safeguards in favor of the guarantor.Exception for spousal consentThe consent of the spouse is not required for guarantees given by the owner of a commercial enterprise registered in the trade registry, or by a partner or manager of a commercial company in relation to the business or company; guarantees given by tradesmen or artisans registered in the tradesmen and artisans registry in relation to their professional activities; guarantees given for loans to be used within the scope of the Law No. 5570 dated 27/12/2006 on the Provision of Interest-Subsidized Loans by Public Capital Banks; and guarantees given for loans to be provided to cooperative members by agricultural credit, agricultural sales, and tradesmen and artisans credit and guarantee cooperatives, as well as public institutions and organizations. There are two types of guarantee relationships: joint and several and ordinary.

Ordinary Guarantee and MüLet's examine the differences between joint and several guarantees:

Unless otherwise agreed, the guarantee agreement is considered an ordinary guarantee.

• In guarantees for commercial debts, the principle is joint and several liability.
• In sureties established at the enforcement office or during seizure proceedings, joint and several liability is the default. (If the guarantor is a joint and several guarantor, as stated in Article 586 of the Turkish Code of Obligations, the creditor may initiate enforcement proceedings against the joint and several guarantor before initiating enforcement proceedings against the debtor or before liquidating the real estate collateral given to secure the debt.)
• According to Article 4/6 of the Consumer Protection Law, personal guarantees obtained in exchange for the consumer's obligations in consumer transactions, regardless of their name, are considered ordinary suretyship, while personal guarantees given by the counterparty regarding the consumer's receivables are considered joint and several suretyship unless otherwise stipulated in other laws.
• The most important difference between joint and several guarantees and ordinary guarantees is the absence of the defense of dispute, which is the most important defense of the guarantor in ordinary guarantees. Indeed, there are differences between ordinary and joint guarantees, especially in terms of the defenses that the guarantor can raise. A joint guarantor is deprived of most of the defenses of an ordinary guarantor.
• In joint and several suretyship, the guarantor is primarily liable for the entire debt along with the debtor. In ordinary suretyship, however, the creditor can only pursue the guarantor as a last resort after first pursuing the debtor and failing to collect the debt. In other words, in ordinary suretyship, the creditor cannot initiate legal proceedings against the guarantor unless they have first pursued the debtor. However, they can directly pursue the guarantor in the following cases:

Borçlu aleyhine yapılan takibin sonucunda kesin aciz belgesi alınması, Borçlu aleyhine Türkiye’de takibatın imkansız hale gelmesi veya önemli ölçüde güçleşmesi, Borçlunun iflasına karar verilmesi, Borçluya konkordato mehli verilmiş olması. Sözleşmede, bu durumlarda alacaklının önce asıl borçluya başvurmak zorunda olduğu da taraflarca  kararlaştırılabilir.

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