{"id":7011,"date":"2021-12-06T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-12-06T06:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.efeshukuk.com\/?p=7011"},"modified":"2021-12-06T13:50:57","modified_gmt":"2021-12-06T10:50:57","slug":"istirak-nedir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/efeshukuk.com\/en\/istirak-nedir\/","title":{"rendered":"What is participation?"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\u0130\u015ftirak
What is participation?<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015ftirak Nedir? | \u0130zmir Avukat<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015ftirak nedir? Kat\u0131lma, ortak olma olarak bilinen i\u015ftirak, ceza hukukunda d\u00fczenlenen uygulamalardan biridir. Ceza hukuku alan\u0131nda su\u00e7a i\u015ftirak etmek ise  en temel hali ile su\u00e7un birden \u00e7ok ki\u015fi ile birlikte i\u015flenmesi olarak ifade edilebilir. Bu durumda su\u00e7u i\u015fleyen faillere, m\u00fc\u015fterek ( birlikte hareket eden,sorumlu olan) fail denilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00fc\u015fterek faillik, 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK\u2019n\u0131n <\/a>37 nci maddesinde d\u00fczenlenen bir faillik t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Maddenin gerek\u00e7esinde yer alan \u201cM\u00fc\u015fterek faillikte, birlikte su\u00e7 i\u015fleme karar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, fiil \u00fczerinde ortak h\u00e2kimiyet kuruldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, her bir su\u00e7 orta\u011f\u0131 fail stat\u00fcs\u00fcndedir\u201d \u015feklindeki a\u00e7\u0131klama, maddenin ilk f\u0131kras\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen i\u015ftirak t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn m\u00fc\u015fterek faillik oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. M\u00fc\u015fterek faillik birden \u00e7ok ki\u015finin kanunda tan\u0131mlanan su\u00e7u , m\u00fc\u015ftereken yani ortakla\u015fa ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmesi anlam\u0131na gelmektedir ki burada tan\u0131mlanan m\u00fc\u015ftereken ifadesi fiil \u00fczerinde i\u015ftirak anlam\u0131nda ciddi oranda anla\u015fma zorunlulu\u011fu olarak anla\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. M\u00fc\u015fterek hareketlerin, iki veya daha fazla ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan \u00fczerinde mutab\u0131k kal\u0131nan ve belirli bir su\u00e7u i\u015fleme anlam\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 bir anla\u015fmaya dayanan ortak bir su\u00e7 i\u015fleme karar\u0131 gerektirdi\u011fini ifade etmek gerekir. Su\u00e7a i\u015ftirak i\u00e7in kasten ve hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 i\u015flenmi\u015f bir fiilin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeterlidir. Su\u00e7un i\u015fleni\u015fine i\u015ftirak eden her ki\u015fi, di\u011ferinin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyen ki\u015fisel nedenler g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmaks\u0131z\u0131n kendi kusurlu fiiline g\u00f6re cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Su\u00e7a i\u015ftirakin s\u00f6z konusu olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, su\u00e7a i\u015ftirak eden ki\u015finin bu su\u00e7a kat\u0131lma irade ve bilinciyle hareket etmesi gerekmektedir.Ancak kast i\u00e7in bilme ve isteme unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131n\u0131n gerekti\u011fi gibi, su\u00e7a i\u015ftirak bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da yaln\u0131zca su\u00e7a kat\u0131lma bilinci yeterli olmay\u0131p, ayn\u0131 zamanda su\u00e7a kat\u0131lma iradesi de gerekir. Su\u00e7 tamamland\u0131ktan sonra su\u00e7a i\u015ftirak s\u00f6z konusu olamayaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, i\u015ftirak iradesi, icra hareketlerinden \u00f6nce veya en ge\u00e7 icra hareketleri esnas\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u015ftirak iradesi a\u00e7\u0131k olarak ortaya konulabilece\u011fi gibi z\u0131mni olarak da i\u015ftirak iradesinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya konulabilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin; kasten yaralama su\u00e7u bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, su\u00e7un faili ma\u011fdura m\u00fcessir fiil uygularken, hi\u00e7bir \u015fey s\u00f6ylemeyip ma\u011fdurun kollar\u0131n\u0131 tutarak faile yard\u0131mc\u0131 olan ki\u015fi, kasten yaralama su\u00e7una i\u015ftirak etmi\u015f olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TCK md.37\u2019de d\u00fczenlenen faillik, \u201cm\u00fc\u015fterek faillik\u201d ve \u201cdolayl\u0131 faillik\u201d olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Kanun tan\u0131m\u0131na bakacak olursak:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00fc\u015fterek Faillik Suretiyle Su\u00e7a \u0130\u015ftirak (TCK m.37\/1): <\/strong>M\u00fc\u015fterek faillik, su\u00e7un v\u00fccut bulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in su\u00e7un i\u015flenmesine kat\u0131lan her bir failin eyleminin zorunlu katk\u0131s\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmas\u0131 halinde s\u00f6z konusu olur. M\u00fc\u015fterek faillik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kilit nokta su\u00e7a kat\u0131lanlar\u0131n fiil \u00fczerinde m\u00fc\u015fterek hakimiyet kurmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7u i\u015flemek \u00fczere anla\u015fan iki ki\u015fiden biri olay yerinde g\u00f6zc\u00fc olmu\u015f, di\u011feri de mallar\u0131 \u00e7alm\u0131\u015fsa, m\u00fc\u015fterek faillik suretiyle su\u00e7a i\u015ftirak ettiklerinden her bir fail i\u015flenen su\u00e7un ceza miktar\u0131 ile cezaland\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dolayl\u0131 Faillik Suretiyle Su\u00e7a \u0130\u015ftirak (TCK m.37\/2): <\/strong>Dolayl\u0131 faillik, ki\u015finin ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131 ara\u00e7 olarak kullanarak su\u00e7 i\u015flemesi halinde s\u00f6z konusu olur. Dolayl\u0131 fail, as\u0131l fail gibi cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, ya\u015f\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ocu\u011fu kullanarak kasten adam \u00f6ld\u00fcrme su\u00e7unun i\u015flenmesinin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 halinde, dolayl\u0131 fail, as\u0131l fiili i\u015fleyen ki\u015fi gibi cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Faillik d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda di\u011fer su\u00e7a i\u015ftirak hali de 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK\u2019n\u0131n 38. maddesinde \u201cazmettirme\u201d ve 39. maddesinde \u201cyard\u0131m etme \u015feklinde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Bu ki\u015filerin su\u00e7tan sorumlulu\u011fu faillikte oldu\u011fu gibi do\u011frudan kendi fiilinden kaynaklanmamaktad\u0131r. \u0130nceleyecek olursak:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Su\u00e7a Azmettirme Suretiyle \u0130\u015ftirak (TCK m.38): <\/strong>Su\u00e7a azmettirme, belli bir su\u00e7u i\u015fleme konusunda hen\u00fcz bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi olmayan bir ki\u015finin ba\u015fkas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ikna, telkin veya di\u011fer bir suretle bu su\u00e7u i\u015flemeye karar vermesinin sa\u011flanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Su\u00e7a azmettirme, \u201c\u015feriklik\u201d bi\u00e7imlerinden biridir. Azmettiren ki\u015fi, su\u00e7 te\u015fkil eden fiili i\u015fleyecek ki\u015finin karar almas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir rol \u00fcstlendi\u011finden azmettiren de i\u015flenen su\u00e7un cezas\u0131 ile cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A<\/em><\/strong>zmettiren ol<\/em><\/strong>ma i<\/em><\/strong>\u00e7<\/em><\/strong>in <\/em><\/strong>i\u00e7in <\/em><\/strong>a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki<\/em><\/strong> iki fiilden biri<\/em><\/strong>nin <\/em><\/strong> ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekir:<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

1<\/strong>. Hi\u00e7 su\u00e7 i\u015fleme d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi olmayan birine telkinde bulunarak o su\u00e7u i\u015fleme karar\u0131 almas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak bunlardan biridir. Failde su\u00e7 i\u015fleme d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi olmamal\u0131 yahut kesinle\u015fmemelidir. Yani ki\u015fi zaten su\u00e7 i\u015fleme konusunda ciddi bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye varm\u0131\u015fsa bu ki\u015finin azmettirilmesi s\u00f6z konusu olmaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. <\/strong>Hen\u00fcz bir su\u00e7u i\u015fleme konusunda kesin karar almam\u0131\u015f ama kafas\u0131nda da bir miktar bu konuda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce bulunan bir ki\u015fiyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini peki\u015ftirmek suretiyle ikna etmek. Failin su\u00e7u i\u015flemesi i\u00e7in azmettirilmesi yani ikna edilmesi gerekir. O su\u00e7u i\u015flemeye sevk etme davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu davran\u0131\u015flar a\u00e7\u0131ktan veya \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Su\u00e7a Yard\u0131m Etme Suretiyle \u0130\u015ftirak (TCK m.39): <\/strong>Su\u00e7a yard\u0131m etme, su\u00e7 i\u015fleme karar\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015f olan ki\u015finin su\u00e7u i\u015flemesine maddi veya manevi katk\u0131da bulunmay\u0131 ifade eder. Su\u00e7a yard\u0131m etme de \u201c\u015feriklik\u201d bi\u00e7imlerinden biridir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, ki\u015finin su\u00e7u i\u015flemesi karar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fru ve gerekli oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyerek su\u00e7u i\u015fleyene te\u015fvik etme, kasten adam \u00f6ld\u00fcrme veya kasten yaralama su\u00e7u i\u00e7in silah temin etme veya olaydan sonra faili saklayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek tipik su\u00e7a yard\u0131m etme \u015fekilleridir. Su\u00e7a yard\u0131m etme h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uygulanan fail TCK md. 39\u2019a g\u00f6re i\u015flenen su\u00e7un cezas\u0131 \u00fczerinden belli oranlarda ceza indiriminden yararlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir su\u00e7un i\u015flenmesinde fail derecesinde olmay\u0131p fakat faile yard\u0131m etme \u015feklinde su\u00e7a kat\u0131lmaya su\u00e7a yard\u0131m ve yatakl\u0131k denir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Su<\/em><\/strong>\u00e7a yard\u0131m etme yani su\u00e7a yard\u0131m ve yatakl\u0131k \u015fu hallerde s\u00f6z konusu olur:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. Ki\u015fiyi su\u00e7 i\u015flemeye te\u015fvik etmek (manevi yard\u0131m)<\/li>
  2. Ki\u015fide zaten olan su\u00e7 i\u015fleme karar\u0131n\u0131 kuvvetlendirmek (manevi yard\u0131m)<\/li>
  3. Ki\u015fiye su\u00e7u i\u015flenmesi halinde sonras\u0131nda yard\u0131mda bulunaca\u011f\u0131 vaadinde bulunmak (manevi yard\u0131m)<\/li>
  4. Su\u00e7un nas\u0131l i\u015flenece\u011fi ile ilgili yol \u2013 y\u00f6ntem g\u00f6stermek (manevi yard\u0131m)<\/li>
  5. Su\u00e7un i\u015flenmesinde kullan\u0131lan ara\u00e7 gere\u00e7leri ki\u015fiye sa\u011flamak (maddi yard\u0131m)<\/li>
  6. Su\u00e7un \u00f6ncesinde veya sonras\u0131nda yard\u0131mda bulunarak icras\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak (maddi yard\u0131m)<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    \u0130\u015ftirakle \u0130lgili Yarg\u0131tay Kararlar\u0131n\u0131 \u0130nceleyecek Olursak:<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    1. Ya\u011fma Su\u00e7unu Birlikte \u0130\u015fleme<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    \u201cSan\u0131klar ……..lar\u0131n eylemin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda san\u0131k M\u2026 K\u2026 ile birlikte ma\u011fdurun etraf\u0131n\u0131 sard\u0131klar\u0131, san\u0131k M\u2026\u2019n\u0131n b\u0131\u00e7akla tehdit ederek cep telefonunu ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada el ve i\u015fbirli\u011fi ile hareket etmek suretiyle ya\u011fma su\u00e7unun i\u015flenmesine kat\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 ve bu \u015fekilde fiili birlikte ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdiklerinin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda; haklar\u0131nda 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK\u2019n\u0131n 37\/1. maddesi ile uygulama yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi g\u00f6zetilmeden, yaz\u0131l\u0131 gerek\u00e7e ile ayn\u0131 Yasan\u0131n 39\/2-c. maddesi ile cezalar\u0131ndan indirim yap\u0131lmas\u0131, kar\u015f\u0131 temyiz olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bozma nedeni yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u201d (Yarg. 6.CD., 28.05.2012, 2008\/22543, 2012\/11237).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2. Su\u00e7un \u0130\u015flenmesi S\u0131ras\u0131nda Failin Yan\u0131nda Bulunup Manevi Destek Verme<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    \u201cSan\u0131k H\u2026 Y\u2026\u2019in, day\u0131s\u0131 ma\u011fdur A\u2026\u2019yi \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye karar verdi\u011fi bu y\u00f6nde san\u0131k E\u2026 ile birlikte ma\u011fdurun bulundu\u011fu kahvehaneye gittikleri, ara\u00e7tan inen san\u0131klardan H\u2026 Y\u2026\u2019in \u00f6nde ve silahl\u0131, E\u2026\u2019\u0131n ise H\u2026\u2019\u0131n arkas\u0131nda ve silahs\u0131z oldu\u011fu, i\u00e7eriye giren san\u0131k H\u2026 Y\u2026\u2019in, tabancayla ma\u011fdur A\u2026\u2019ye ate\u015f etti\u011fi ve sol uylu\u011fundan yaralad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ma\u011fdurun kendisini masan\u0131n alt\u0131na saklanmas\u0131 \u00fczerine san\u0131\u011f\u0131n ate\u015f etmeye devam etti\u011fi, ancak at\u0131\u015flardan bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n o s\u0131rada arkada\u015flar\u0131yla oyun oynayan maktul V\u2026 ve ma\u011fdur \u015e\u2026\u2019ye isabet etti\u011fi, sonras\u0131nda san\u0131klar\u0131n geldikleri ara\u00e7la birlikte ka\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131 olayda; San\u0131k E\u2026\u2019\u0131n, san\u0131k H\u2026 Y\u2026\u2019e su\u00e7un i\u015flenmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda yan\u0131nda bulunup manevi destek vermek suretiyle yard\u0131m etti\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde, TCK\u2019n\u0131n 39\/2-c maddesi uyar\u0131nca cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 yerine, eyleme TCK\u2019n\u0131n 37\/1.maddesi kapsam\u0131nda kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kabul\u00fcyle yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekilde h\u00fck\u00fcm kurulmas\u0131 yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r\u201d (Yarg. 1.CD, 08.05.2012, 2011\/4702, 2012\/3681).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    3. Su\u00e7un \u0130\u015fleni\u015fine Do\u011frudan Kat\u0131lma<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    \u201cSan\u0131klar S\u2026 ve E\u2026\u2019in san\u0131k O\u2026\u2019la birlikte ma\u011fdurenin direncinin k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na hizmet edecek bir \u015fekilde ma\u011fdureyi zorla arabaya bindirip, hepsinin i\u015ftirak etti\u011fi araba yolculu\u011funu da birlikte ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirerek iki ayr\u0131 eve u\u011frad\u0131ktan sonra ma\u011fdurenin en son tutuldu\u011fu eve g\u00f6t\u00fcrmek \u015feklindeki eylemleri ile san\u0131k M\u2026 A\u2026\u2019n\u0131n ma\u011fdurenin evden ayr\u0131lma y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki iradesini bertaraf edip direncini k\u0131rmak i\u00e7in tutuldu\u011fu evde ma\u011fdureyi d\u00f6vmek ve k\u00f6t\u00fc muamelede bulunmak suretiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan eyleminden TCK\u2019n\u0131n 37\/1. maddesi anlam\u0131nda do\u011frudan birlikte fail olarak sorumlu tutulmalar\u0131n\u0131n gerekti\u011fi g\u00f6zetilmeksizin TCK\u2019n\u0131n 39\/2-e maddesi uygulanmak suretiyle eksik ceza tayini yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u201d (Yarg. 14.CD., 10.10.2011, 2011\/413, 2011\/606).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    For legal advice on this matter, please contact our expert team. Contact <\/span><\/a>page.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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